Real & Imaginary Garden Celebrations - Attr to Louis de Caullery 1555-1622

Attributed to Louis de Caullery (Dutch-Flemish artist, 1555-1622) In the Park of a Classic Palace

Louis de Caullery (Dutch-Flemish artist, 1555-1622) also known as Luis de Koller, Luis de Kaulleri, Louis de Coulery, specialized in genre, allegory, architecture, & landscape painting.  Like many Flemish artists of the period, he had traveled to & worked in Italy. A circle of like-minded artists gathered around him in Antwerp, painting scenes of banquets, balls, carnivals, & other celebrations often in gardens. The architecture & the parterres of the gardens are precisely drawn, often in skillfully telescoped perspective.

17C Dutch Gardens by Jan van der Groen (1635-1671)

1670 Jan van der Groen's (1635-1671) Den Nederlandtsen Hovenier from www.biolib.de 6020.  

In 17C England, the relationship between man & nature was evolving, as Francis Bacon (1561-1626) promoted man as "the minister & interpreter of Nature."  The 17C Dutch property owner believed that it was his religious duty to order God's creation - Nature untamed.  Improving, clipping, trimming, & geometrically ordering Nature was morally righteous. God's improved garden must become a balance of beauty & utility. This view of Nature perfected was promoted in gardening manuals, such as 1669 De Nederlandtsen Hovenier by Jan van der Groen (1635-1671), the gardener of Orange. It was man's responsibility to see that God's gift should be "dressed up. made fine, in good order, elegant & pleasurable." The book functioned as a manual & a visual source of information on "Dutch Classic Garden Architecture."  The typical 17C Dutch design pattern has the house standing at the end of an imaginary axis, which divides a rectangular piece of land into two halves. If possible, the rectangle has ideal dimensions, length & width as four to three. Generally, the whole is enclosed by trees, but it may also be surrounded by a canal system. In this perfection of God's undisciplined Nature, the rectangle itself is again divided into square gardens, usually decorated with French foliage & Italian flowers. In this garden may be mazes, deciduous walks & deciduous giants. Walks guide along artfully constructed trellises, & there are also low fruit trees in diagonal rows intermingled with berries & grapes. Box hedges often surround low ornamental vegetation. There are also flower beds with pots on tiles. The geometric practical kitchen garden, a square or rectangle, was divided into equal parts by crossing paths. Roots, salad plants, & aromatic & medicinal herbs filled the beds. Useful herbs were part of another important component of Dutch garden design. In addition to their beauty & recreational uses, gardens also had to be practical & productive, providing fruits, vegetables, & herbs. Van der Groen insisted that these gardens should be profitable, healthful, pleasurable, & salutary. The oak, maple, & ash trees provided shade for the walkways & wood for warmth & building.  The garden's decorative water could also serve as a pond for edible fish & irrigation for the growing plants. 

See

Crisp, Frank
1924 Mediieval Gardens. (Two vols.) 
John Lane, London.

Culpeper, Nicholas
1990 Culpeper's Complete Herbal and English Physician Enlarged. 
(Reprint of 1814 edition.)
Meyerbooks, Glenwood, Illinois.

Danckaerts, Jasper
1913 The Journal of Jasper Danckaerts (1679-1680),
ed. by B. B. James and J. F. Jameson.
Barnes and Noble, New York.

D' Avity; Pierre
1646 Newe archontologia cosmica. 
Wolfgang Hoffman, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

De Caus, Salomon
1980 Hortus Palatinus: die Entwurfe zum
Heidelberger Schlossgarten von Salomon de
Caus. (2 vols.) Reprint of Hortus Palatinus
a Friderico rege Boemiaeelectore Palatino
Heidelbergae extructus, 1620 
Grune Reihe, Worms, Germany.

De Jong, Erik
1990 For Profit and Ornament: The Function
and Meaning of Dutch Garden Art in the
Period of William and Mary, 1650-1702. 
In The Dutch Garden in the Seventeenth Century.
Dunbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC

De Vries, Hans Vredeman
1980 Hortorum viridariorumque elegantes et multiplicis
formae. Reprint of 1583 with additional
sheets from 1587. 
Van Hoeve, Amsterdam.

Fuchs, Leonhart
2001 The New Herbal of 1543. Taschen, Cologne,
Germany.
Northeast Historical Archaeology/Vol. 34, 2005. 75

Hopper, Florence
1982 The Dutch Classical Garden and Andre
Mollet. Journal of Garden History 2(1):'
25-40.

Hunt, John Dixon
1990 "But who does not know what a Dutch
garden is?": The Dutch Garden in the
English Imagination. in 
The Dutch Garden in the Seventeenth Century 
Dunbarton Oaks Colloquium on the History of Landscape Architecture 
Washington, DC

Hunt, John Dixon, and Erik de Jong, eds.
1988 The Anglo-Dutch Garden in the Age of William and Mary. 
Journal of Garden History 8(2, 3), April-September 
Taylor & Francis, London.

Jellicoe, Geoffrey, and Susan Jellicoe, eds.
1986 The Oxford' Companion to Gardens. Oxford' "
University Press, New York.

Kuyper, W.
1980 Dutch Classicist Architecture. Delft
University Press, Delft.

Lauremberg, Peter.
1631 Horticu/tura, libris II.comprehensa; huic
nostro coe/o & solo accommodata; regulis,
observationibus, experiment is, & figuris navis
instructa: In qua quicquid ad liortum proficue
colendum, et eleganter instruendum facit,
explicatur. Matthaus Merian, Frankfurt am
Main, Germany

Nylandt, Peter
1682 De Nederlandtse herbarius of kruydt-boeck.
Reprint, 1976. Interbook International,
Schiedain, the Netherlands.

1683 De medicijn-winckel, of ervaren huys-houder.
Included in Part 3 of Het vermakdyck landtleven.
Gysbert de Groot, Amsterdam.

Schama, Simon
1987 The Embarrassment of Riches: An
Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden
Age. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

Temple, Sir Richard Carnac, ed.
1925 The Travels of Peter Mundy in Europe and
Asia: 1608-1647. Volume IV of Travels in
Europe: 1639-1647. Hakluyt Society,
London.

Van de Passe, Crispin
1928 Hortus Floridus: The First book contayninge a
very lively and true Description of the Flowers
of the Spring. Reprint of ca. 1614 English
translation. The Cresset Press, London.

Van der Groen, Jan
1669 Le jardinier hollandois/der niederlandische
gartner. Marcus Doornick, Amsterdam.

1670
Den Nederlandtsen Hovenier. Marcus
Doornick, Amsterdam.

1683
Den Nederlandtsen Hovenier. Part I of Het
7Jermllkelijck landt-leven. Gysbcrt de Groot,
Amsterdam.

1404 Gardeners Plant a Garden

The Four Seasons - Lente (Spring) From a series of 4 plates (Hollstein 1404-1407) plates originally published by Assuerus van Londerseel. In this garden, a gentlelady and a couple oversee the work of the male & female gardeners.  The garden has a fence surrounding raised geometric beds.  The men seem to be digging & raking to prepare the beds, while the women seem to be planting. The workers have returned the pots to the garden, as the weather warms. 

1629 Le Jardin de la Noblesse Française by Abraham Bosse 1602–1676

1629 etching from Le Jardin de la Noblesse Française... by Abraham Bosse (French, 1602–1676) Detail

Real & Imaginary Garden Celebrations - Attr to Louis de Caullery 1555-1622

Attributed to Louis de Caullery (Dutch-Flemish artist, 1555-1622) Promenading in a Garden

Louis de Caullery (Dutch-Flemish artist, 1555-1622) also known as Luis de Koller, Luis de Kaulleri, Louis de Coulery, specialized in genre, allegory, architecture, & landscape painting.  Like many Flemish artists of the period, he had traveled to & worked in Italy. A circle of like-minded artists gathered around him in Antwerp, painting scenes of banquets, balls, carnivals, & other celebrations often in gardens. The architecture & the parterres of the gardens are precisely drawn, often in skillfully telescoped perspective.

1754 Allegories In a Garden

1754 Spring from The Four Seasons published by Thomas Major London. People appear to work in the walled sunken garden behind the group. A man hands a flower to a young woman sitting on a terrace with her attendant standing behind them.  A boy at right has a parrot perched on his hand.  They are in a garden with a statue of a Venus & an arch at left, through which a couple can be seen in an embrace. Plants in pots dot the area around the group.

17C Dutch Gardens by Jan van der Groen (1635-1671)

1670 Jan van der Groen's (1635-1671) Den Nederlandtsen Hovenier from www.biolib.de 6016.  

In 17C England, the relationship between man & nature was evolving, as Francis Bacon (1561-1626) promoted man as "the minister & interpreter of Nature."  The 17C Dutch property owner believed that it was his religious duty to order God's creation - Nature untamed.  Improving, clipping, trimming, & geometrically ordering Nature was morally righteous. God's improved garden must become a balance of beauty & utility. This view of Nature perfected was promoted in gardening manuals, such as 1669 De Nederlandtsen Hovenier by Jan van der Groen (1635-1671), the gardener of Orange. It was man's responsibility to see that God's gift should be "dressed up. made fine, in good order, elegant & pleasurable." The book functioned as a manual & a visual source of information on "Dutch Classic Garden Architecture."  The typical 17C Dutch design pattern has the house standing at the end of an imaginary axis, which divides a rectangular piece of land into two halves. If possible, the rectangle has ideal dimensions, length & width as four to three. Generally, the whole is enclosed by trees, but it may also be surrounded by a canal system. In this perfection of God's undisciplined Nature, the rectangle itself is again divided into square gardens, usually decorated with French foliage & Italian flowers. In this garden may be mazes, deciduous walks & deciduous giants. Walks guide along artfully constructed trellises, & there are also low fruit trees in diagonal rows intermingled with berries & grapes. Box hedges often surround low ornamental vegetation. There are also flower beds with pots on tiles. The geometric practical kitchen garden, a square or rectangle, was divided into equal parts by crossing paths. Roots, salad plants, & aromatic & medicinal herbs filled the beds. Useful herbs were part of another important component of Dutch garden design. In addition to their beauty & recreational uses, gardens also had to be practical & productive, providing fruits, vegetables, & herbs. Van der Groen insisted that these gardens should be profitable, healthful, pleasurable, & salutary. The oak, maple, & ash trees provided shade for the walkways & wood for warmth & building.  The garden's decorative water could also serve as a pond for edible fish & irrigation for the growing plants. 

See

Crisp, Frank
1924 Mediieval Gardens. (Two vols.) 
John Lane, London.

Culpeper, Nicholas
1990 Culpeper's Complete Herbal and English Physician Enlarged. 
(Reprint of 1814 edition.)
Meyerbooks, Glenwood, Illinois.

Danckaerts, Jasper
1913 The Journal of Jasper Danckaerts (1679-1680),
ed. by B. B. James and J. F. Jameson.
Barnes and Noble, New York.

D' Avity; Pierre
1646 Newe archontologia cosmica. 
Wolfgang Hoffman, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

De Caus, Salomon
1980 Hortus Palatinus: die Entwurfe zum
Heidelberger Schlossgarten von Salomon de
Caus. (2 vols.) Reprint of Hortus Palatinus
a Friderico rege Boemiaeelectore Palatino
Heidelbergae extructus, 1620 
Grune Reihe, Worms, Germany.

De Jong, Erik
1990 For Profit and Ornament: The Function
and Meaning of Dutch Garden Art in the
Period of William and Mary, 1650-1702. 
In The Dutch Garden in the Seventeenth Century.
Dunbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC

De Vries, Hans Vredeman
1980 Hortorum viridariorumque elegantes et multiplicis
formae. Reprint of 1583 with additional
sheets from 1587. 
Van Hoeve, Amsterdam.

Fuchs, Leonhart
2001 The New Herbal of 1543. Taschen, Cologne,
Germany.
Northeast Historical Archaeology/Vol. 34, 2005. 75

Hopper, Florence
1982 The Dutch Classical Garden and Andre
Mollet. Journal of Garden History 2(1):'
25-40.

Hunt, John Dixon
1990 "But who does not know what a Dutch
garden is?": The Dutch Garden in the
English Imagination. in 
The Dutch Garden in the Seventeenth Century 
Dunbarton Oaks Colloquium on the History of Landscape Architecture 
Washington, DC

Hunt, John Dixon, and Erik de Jong, eds.
1988 The Anglo-Dutch Garden in the Age of William and Mary. 
Journal of Garden History 8(2, 3), April-September 
Taylor & Francis, London.

Jellicoe, Geoffrey, and Susan Jellicoe, eds.
1986 The Oxford' Companion to Gardens. Oxford' "
University Press, New York.

Kuyper, W.
1980 Dutch Classicist Architecture. Delft
University Press, Delft.

Lauremberg, Peter.
1631 Horticu/tura, libris II.comprehensa; huic
nostro coe/o & solo accommodata; regulis,
observationibus, experiment is, & figuris navis
instructa: In qua quicquid ad liortum proficue
colendum, et eleganter instruendum facit,
explicatur. Matthaus Merian, Frankfurt am
Main, Germany

Nylandt, Peter
1682 De Nederlandtse herbarius of kruydt-boeck.
Reprint, 1976. Interbook International,
Schiedain, the Netherlands.

1683 De medicijn-winckel, of ervaren huys-houder.
Included in Part 3 of Het vermakdyck landtleven.
Gysbert de Groot, Amsterdam.

Schama, Simon
1987 The Embarrassment of Riches: An
Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden
Age. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

Temple, Sir Richard Carnac, ed.
1925 The Travels of Peter Mundy in Europe and
Asia: 1608-1647. Volume IV of Travels in
Europe: 1639-1647. Hakluyt Society,
London.

Van de Passe, Crispin
1928 Hortus Floridus: The First book contayninge a
very lively and true Description of the Flowers
of the Spring. Reprint of ca. 1614 English
translation. The Cresset Press, London.

Van der Groen, Jan
1669 Le jardinier hollandois/der niederlandische
gartner. Marcus Doornick, Amsterdam.

1670
Den Nederlandtsen Hovenier. Marcus
Doornick, Amsterdam.

1683
Den Nederlandtsen Hovenier. Part I of Het
7Jermllkelijck landt-leven. Gysbcrt de Groot,
Amsterdam.

Garden 18C

Vincenzo Martinelli (Italian, 1737 - 1807) Spring Garden

Real & Imaginary Garden Celebrations - Attr to Louis de Caullery 1555-16221

Attributed to Louis de Caullery (Dutch-Flemish artist, 1555-1622) Allegory of the Month of April 

Louis de Caullery (Dutch-Flemish artist, 1555-1622) also known as Luis de Koller, Luis de Kaulleri, Louis de Coulery, specialized in genre, allegory, architecture, & landscape painting.  Like many Flemish artists of the period, he had traveled to & worked in Italy. A circle of like-minded artists gathered around him in Antwerp, painting scenes of banquets, balls, carnivals, & other celebrations often in gardens. The architecture & the parterres of the gardens are precisely drawn, often in skillfully telescoped perspective.

1745 Allegories in a Garden

 1745 Spring from The Four Seasons Les Quatre Saisons after Nicolas Lancret  & published in France Here in a garden with a fountain & a birdbath lying on the ground, a young man holding a spade talks to a young woman holding a basket of flowers, while another woman on the right is watering plants.

17C Dutch Gardens Jan van der Groen's (1635-1671)

1670 Jan van der Groen's (1635-1671) Den Nederlandtsen Hovenier from www.biolib.de 5868.  

In 17C England, the relationship between man & nature was evolving, as Francis Bacon (1561-1626) promoted man as "the minister & interpreter of Nature."  The 17C Dutch property owner believed that it was his religious duty to order God's creation - Nature untamed.  Improving, clipping, trimming, & geometrically ordering Nature was morally righteous. God's improved garden must become a balance of beauty & utility. This view of Nature perfected was promoted in gardening manuals, such as 1669 De Nederlandtsen Hovenier by Jan van der Groen (1635-1671), the gardener of Orange. It was man's responsibility to see that God's gift should be "dressed up. made fine, in good order, elegant & pleasurable." The book functioned as a manual & a visual source of information on "Dutch Classic Garden Architecture."  The typical 17C Dutch design pattern has the house standing at the end of an imaginary axis, which divides a rectangular piece of land into two halves. If possible, the rectangle has ideal dimensions, length & width as four to three. Generally, the whole is enclosed by trees, but it may also be surrounded by a canal system. In this perfection of God's undisciplined Nature, the rectangle itself is again divided into square gardens, usually decorated with French foliage & Italian flowers. In this garden may be mazes, deciduous walks & deciduous giants. Walks guide along artfully constructed trellises, & there are also low fruit trees in diagonal rows intermingled with berries & grapes. Box hedges often surround low ornamental vegetation. There are also flower beds with pots on tiles. The geometric practical kitchen garden, a square or rectangle, was divided into equal parts by crossing paths. Roots, salad plants, & aromatic & medicinal herbs filled the beds. Useful herbs were part of another important component of Dutch garden design. In addition to their beauty & recreational uses, gardens also had to be practical & productive, providing fruits, vegetables, & herbs. Van der Groen insisted that these gardens should be profitable, healthful, pleasurable, & salutary. The oak, maple, & ash trees provided shade for the walkways & wood for warmth & building.  The garden's decorative water could also serve as a pond for edible fish & irrigation for the growing plants. 

For more on Dutch Gardens see

Crisp, Frank
1924 Mediieval Gardens. (Two vols.) 
John Lane, London.

Culpeper, Nicholas
1990 Culpeper's Complete Herbal and English Physician Enlarged. 
(Reprint of 1814 edition.)
Meyerbooks, Glenwood, Illinois.

Danckaerts, Jasper
1913 The Journal of Jasper Danckaerts (1679-1680),
ed. by B. B. James and J. F. Jameson.
Barnes and Noble, New York.

D' Avity; Pierre
1646 Newe archontologia cosmica. 
Wolfgang Hoffman, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

De Caus, Salomon
1980 Hortus Palatinus: die Entwurfe zum
Heidelberger Schlossgarten von Salomon de
Caus. (2 vols.) Reprint of Hortus Palatinus
a Friderico rege Boemiaeelectore Palatino
Heidelbergae extructus, 1620 
Grune Reihe, Worms, Germany.

De Jong, Erik
1990 For Profit and Ornament: The Function
and Meaning of Dutch Garden Art in the
Period of William and Mary, 1650-1702. 
In The Dutch Garden in the Seventeenth Century.
Dunbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC

De Vries, Hans Vredeman
1980 Hortorum viridariorumque elegantes et multiplicis
formae. Reprint of 1583 with additional
sheets from 1587. 
Van Hoeve, Amsterdam.

Fuchs, Leonhart
2001 The New Herbal of 1543. Taschen, Cologne,
Germany.
Northeast Historical Archaeology/Vol. 34, 2005. 75

Hopper, Florence
1982 The Dutch Classical Garden and Andre
Mollet. Journal of Garden History 2(1):'
25-40.

Hunt, John Dixon
1990 "But who does not know what a Dutch
garden is?": The Dutch Garden in the
English Imagination. in 
The Dutch Garden in the Seventeenth Century 
Dunbarton Oaks Colloquium on the History of Landscape Architecture 
Washington, DC

Hunt, John Dixon, and Erik de Jong, eds.
1988 The Anglo-Dutch Garden in the Age of William and Mary. 
Journal of Garden History 8(2, 3), April-September 
Taylor & Francis, London.

Jellicoe, Geoffrey, and Susan Jellicoe, eds.
1986 The Oxford' Companion to Gardens. Oxford' "
University Press, New York.

Kuyper, W.
1980 Dutch Classicist Architecture. Delft
University Press, Delft.

Lauremberg, Peter.
1631 Horticu/tura, libris II.comprehensa; huic
nostro coe/o & solo accommodata; regulis,
observationibus, experiment is, & figuris navis
instructa: In qua quicquid ad liortum proficue
colendum, et eleganter instruendum facit,
explicatur. Matthaus Merian, Frankfurt am
Main, Germany

Nylandt, Peter
1682 De Nederlandtse herbarius of kruydt-boeck.
Reprint, 1976. Interbook International,
Schiedain, the Netherlands.

1683 De medicijn-winckel, of ervaren huys-houder.
Included in Part 3 of Het vermakdyck landtleven.
Gysbert de Groot, Amsterdam.

Schama, Simon
1987 The Embarrassment of Riches: An
Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden
Age. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

Temple, Sir Richard Carnac, ed.
1925 The Travels of Peter Mundy in Europe and
Asia: 1608-1647. Volume IV of Travels in
Europe: 1639-1647. Hakluyt Society,
London.

Van de Passe, Crispin
1928 Hortus Floridus: The First book contayninge a
very lively and true Description of the Flowers
of the Spring. Reprint of ca. 1614 English
translation. The Cresset Press, London.

Van der Groen, Jan
1669 Le jardinier hollandois/der niederlandische
gartner. Marcus Doornick, Amsterdam.

1670
Den Nederlandtsen Hovenier. Marcus
Doornick, Amsterdam.

1683
Den Nederlandtsen Hovenier. Part I of Het
7Jermllkelijck landt-leven. Gysbcrt de Groot,
Amsterdam.

Real & Imaginary Garden Celebrations - Attr to Louis de Caullery 1555-1622

Attributed to Louis de Caullery (Dutch-Flemish artist, 1555-1622)  A Formal Garden with Couples Dancing

Louis de Caullery (Dutch-Flemish artist, 1555-1622) also known as Luis de Koller, Luis de Kaulleri, Louis de Coulery, specialized in genre, allegory, architecture, & landscape painting.  Like many Flemish artists of the period, he had traveled to & worked in Italy. A circle of like-minded artists gathered around him in Antwerp, painting scenes of banquets, balls, carnivals, & other celebrations often in gardens. The architecture & the parterres of the gardens are precisely drawn, often in skillfully telescoped perspective.

Mystery Garden 20C or 17C ?

Who painted this?  When?  What does the painting depict?  Cannot find it.  Please let me know.  Thank you very much in advance.

Perhaps 1930s.  Perhaps 300 years earlier.  I am guessing 1930s.  It seems to have elements that look right for a 16-17C date, but the garden looks too cartoon-like.

17C Dutch Gardens by Jan van der Groen (1635-1671)

In 17C England, the relationship between man & nature was evolving, as Francis Bacon (1561-1626) promoted man as "the minister & interpreter of Nature."  The 17C Dutch property owner believed that it was his religious duty to order God's creation - Nature untamed.  Improving, clipping, trimming, & geometrically ordering Nature was morally righteous. God's improved garden must become a balance of beauty & utility. This view of Nature perfected was promoted in gardening manuals, such as 1669 De Nederlandtsen Hovenier by Jan van der Groen (1635-1671), the gardener of Orange. It was man's responsibility to see that God's gift should be "dressed up. made fine, in good order, elegant & pleasurable." The book functioned as a manual & a visual source of information on "Dutch Classic Garden Architecture."  The typical 17C Dutch design pattern has the house standing at the end of an imaginary axis, which divides a rectangular piece of land into two halves. If possible, the rectangle has ideal dimensions, length & width as four to three. Generally, the whole is enclosed by trees, but it may also be surrounded by a canal system. In this perfection of God's undisciplined Nature, the rectangle itself is again divided into square gardens, usually decorated with French foliage & Italian flowers. In this garden may be mazes, deciduous walks & deciduous giants. Walks guide along artfully constructed trellises, & there are also low fruit trees in diagonal rows intermingled with berries & grapes. Box hedges often surround low ornamental vegetation. There are also flower beds with pots on tiles. The geometric practical kitchen garden, a square or rectangle, was divided into equal parts by crossing paths. Roots, salad plants, & aromatic & medicinal herbs filled the beds. Useful herbs were part of another important component of Dutch garden design. In addition to their beauty & recreational uses, gardens also had to be practical & productive, providing fruits, vegetables, & herbs. Van der Groen insisted that these gardens should be profitable, healthful, pleasurable, & salutary. The oak, maple, & ash trees provided shade for the walkways & wood for warmth & building.  The garden's decorative water could also serve as a pond for edible fish & irrigation for the growing plants. 

See

Crisp, Frank
1924 Mediieval Gardens. (Two vols.) 
John Lane, London.

Culpeper, Nicholas
1990 Culpeper's Complete Herbal and English Physician Enlarged. 
(Reprint of 1814 edition.)
Meyerbooks, Glenwood, Illinois.

Danckaerts, Jasper
1913 The Journal of Jasper Danckaerts (1679-1680),
ed. by B. B. James and J. F. Jameson.
Barnes and Noble, New York.

D' Avity; Pierre
1646 Newe archontologia cosmica. 
Wolfgang Hoffman, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

De Caus, Salomon
1980 Hortus Palatinus: die Entwurfe zum
Heidelberger Schlossgarten von Salomon de
Caus. (2 vols.) Reprint of Hortus Palatinus
a Friderico rege Boemiaeelectore Palatino
Heidelbergae extructus, 1620 
Grune Reihe, Worms, Germany.

De Jong, Erik
1990 For Profit and Ornament: The Function
and Meaning of Dutch Garden Art in the
Period of William and Mary, 1650-1702. 
In The Dutch Garden in the Seventeenth Century.
Dunbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC

De Vries, Hans Vredeman
1980 Hortorum viridariorumque elegantes et multiplicis
formae. Reprint of 1583 with additional
sheets from 1587. 
Van Hoeve, Amsterdam.

Fuchs, Leonhart
2001 The New Herbal of 1543. Taschen, Cologne,
Germany.
Northeast Historical Archaeology/Vol. 34, 2005. 75

Hopper, Florence
1982 The Dutch Classical Garden and Andre
Mollet. Journal of Garden History 2(1):'
25-40.

Hunt, John Dixon
1990 "But who does not know what a Dutch
garden is?": The Dutch Garden in the
English Imagination. in 
The Dutch Garden in the Seventeenth Century 
Dunbarton Oaks Colloquium on the History of Landscape Architecture 
Washington, DC

Hunt, John Dixon, and Erik de Jong, eds.
1988 The Anglo-Dutch Garden in the Age of William and Mary. 
Journal of Garden History 8(2, 3), April-September 
Taylor & Francis, London.

Jellicoe, Geoffrey, and Susan Jellicoe, eds.
1986 The Oxford' Companion to Gardens. Oxford' "
University Press, New York.

Kuyper, W.
1980 Dutch Classicist Architecture. Delft
University Press, Delft.

Lauremberg, Peter.
1631 Horticu/tura, libris II.comprehensa; huic
nostro coe/o & solo accommodata; regulis,
observationibus, experiment is, & figuris navis
instructa: In qua quicquid ad liortum proficue
colendum, et eleganter instruendum facit,
explicatur. Matthaus Merian, Frankfurt am
Main, Germany

Nylandt, Peter
1682 De Nederlandtse herbarius of kruydt-boeck.
Reprint, 1976. Interbook International,
Schiedain, the Netherlands.

1683 De medicijn-winckel, of ervaren huys-houder.
Included in Part 3 of Het vermakdyck landtleven.
Gysbert de Groot, Amsterdam.

Schama, Simon
1987 The Embarrassment of Riches: An
Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden
Age. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

Temple, Sir Richard Carnac, ed.
1925 The Travels of Peter Mundy in Europe and
Asia: 1608-1647. Volume IV of Travels in
Europe: 1639-1647. Hakluyt Society,
London.

Van de Passe, Crispin
1928 Hortus Floridus: The First book contayninge a
very lively and true Description of the Flowers
of the Spring. Reprint of ca. 1614 English
translation. The Cresset Press, London.

Van der Groen, Jan
1669 Le jardinier hollandois/der niederlandische
gartner. Marcus Doornick, Amsterdam.

1670
Den Nederlandtsen Hovenier. Marcus
Doornick, Amsterdam.

1683
Den Nederlandtsen Hovenier. Part I of Het
7Jermllkelijck landt-leven. Gysbcrt de Groot,
Amsterdam.

17C Garden - Salomon Savery, Dutch, 1604-1683

Ver Veneris, Salomon Savery, Dutch artist/engraver 1604-1683